Open banking in the EU is governed by PSD2 (Revised Payment Services Directive), implemented in each member state’s national law. Supervision is carried out by the national competent authority (NCA) in each country—for example, BaFin in Germany, ACPR/AMF in France, and the Central Bank of the Netherlands (DNB) in the Netherlands. These authorities authorize or register payment institutions and e-money institutions that act as AISPs and PISPs.

The European Banking Authority (EBA) issues guidelines and regulatory technical standards that support a consistent application of PSD2 across the EU. TPPs are typically authorized in one member state and can passport their services across the EEA. The Open Banking Tracker lists EU countries and their regulators in the Regulators and Open Banking Regulations sections.